RESUMO
Cholera posed a significant threat causing outbreaks/epidemics with high morbidity and mortality in Odisha. This study envisages the characterisation of isolated pathogen from two cholera outbreaks reported in 2018 and 2019 from Bargarh and Rayagada districts of Odisha respectively. Vibrio cholerae O1 were isolated following standard techniques. The different virulent and drug resistant genes were detected by multiplex PCR assays; whereas the ctxB genotypes were characterised through double mismatch amplification mutation (DMAMA) PCR assay. The ctxB genes were further sequenced and pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was done on some selected strains. The clinical and water isolates of Haitian variant (HCT) V. cholerae O1 Ogawa biotype El Tor with multi drug resistant strains were isolated from both the places. All the V. cholerae O1 strains were positive for virulence genes. The antibiotic resistant genes like dfrA1 (100%), strB (76.9%), intSXT (61.5%) were detected. The PFGE results on V. cholerae O1 strains exhibited two different pulsotypes. These cholera outbreaks were due to multidrug resistant HCT variant V. cholerae O1 strains which were circulating and caused the cholera outbreaks in Odisha. So continuous surveillance on diarrheal disorders is highly essential to prevent the future diarrheal outbreaks in this region.
Assuntos
Cólera/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças , Vibrio cholerae O1/genética , Vibrio cholerae O1/isolamento & purificação , Adolescente , Adulto , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Cólera/tratamento farmacológico , Toxina da Cólera/genética , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Diarreia/microbiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Feminino , Genótipo , Haiti , Humanos , Índia/epidemiologia , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/métodos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Multiplex/métodos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Virulência/genética , Microbiologia da Água , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Infectious diarrheal diseases remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developing and underdeveloped countries. The present study documented the etiology of bacterial enteropathogens in three tribal districts of Odisha from July 2010 to September 2013. A total of 1427 rectal swabs were collected and bacteriologically analyzed by following standard procedure. Among the 930 (65.2%) culture positive samples, Escherichia coli (E. coli) constituted 636 (44.6%); Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae) O1, 146 (10.2%); Salmonella species (spp.), 10 (0.7%); Shigella spp., 79 (5.5%); and Aeromonas spp., 59 (4.1%). Of the 729 environmental water samples taken from river, open well, Nala (a small stream), and Chua (a shallow pit on a river bed), 14 (1.9%) contained non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae and 13 (1.8%) had V. cholerae O1 strains. An analysis of the demographics showed that people in the 14 to 40-year age group were highly susceptible to diarrhea caused by V. cholerae which occurred mainly during the rainy and post-rainy seasons. All enteropathogens were multidrug-resistant and found throughout the study period. The V. cholerae strains isolated were El Tor variants carrying the classical, El Tor, and Haitian cholera toxin subunit B (ctxB) genes. The classical ctxB was the dominant allele, and the prevalence of the Haitian ctxB allele increased during the test period. These findings indicate that active surveillance is needed to monitor the changing antibiotic resistance patterns of V. cholerae serogroups and biotypes present in this region.
